List of Publications

Posted on August 29, 2011 by richardfrank

Refereed original work:

Williams DL (2010) Production Animal Ophthalmology (editor) Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 26:427-564

Williams DL. (2010) Congenital abnormalities in production animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 26:477-86

Williams DL. (2010) Welfare issues in farm animal ophthalmology. Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice 26:427-35.

Williams DL, Sullivan A. (2010) Ocular disease in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus): a survey of 1000 animals. Veterinary Ophthalmology 13 Suppl:54-62.

Williams DL. (2010)  Lack of effects on lymphocyte function from chronic topical ocular cyclosporine medication: a prospective study. Veterinary Ophthalmology 13:315-20

Williams DL, Kim JY (2009) Feline entropion: a case series of 50 affected animals (2003-2008). Veterinary Ophthalmology;12:221-6.

Kim JY, Choi YM, Jeong SW, Williams DL. (2009) Effect of bovine freeze-dried amniotic membrane (Amnisite-BA) on uncomplicated canine corneal erosion. Veterinary Ophthalmology 12:36-42.

Williams DL (2008) Extraocular myositis in the dog. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 38:347-59

Williams DL (2008) Immunopathology of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 38:251-68

Williams DL (2008) Oxidative Stress and the Eye. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice 38:179-92

Williams DL, Pierce V, Mellor P, Heath MF (2007) Reduced tear production in three canine endocrinopathies. Journal of Small Animal Practice 48: 252-256

Williams DL, Goddard PJ, Brancker WM (2007) Ultrasonographic examination of ocular lesions in farmed halibut. Veterinary Journal 173:456-8

Williams DL (2007) Fighting tooth and CLAW for more monoclonal antibodies against canine leucocyte antigens. Veterinary Journal 173:20-1

Williams DL, Heath MF (2006) Prevalence of feline cataract: results of a cross-sectional study of 2000 normal animals, 50 cats with diabetes and one hundred cats following dehydrational crises. Veterinary Ophthalmology 9:341-9

Willams DL, Munday P (2006) The effect of a topical antioxidant formulation including N-acetyl carnosine on canine cataract: a preliminary study. Veterinary Ophthalmology 9:311-6

Williams DL (2006) Oxidation, antioxidants and cataract formation: a literature review.
Veterinary Ophthalmology  9:292-8

Williams DL, Gonzalez-Villavincencio CM, Wilson S (2006) Chronic ocular lesions in tawny owls (Strix aluco) injured by road traffic. Veterinary Record 159:148-53

Williams DL, Haggett E (2006) Surgical removal of a canine orbital lipoma. Journal of  Small Animal Practice 47: 35-7

Hartley C, Williams DL, Adams VJ (2006) Effect of age, gender, weight, and time of day on tear production in normal dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology 9: 53-7 

Williams DL, Brancker WM (2006) Aggravating factors in the development of ocular abnormalities in farmed Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Veterinary Journal  172: 501-5

Mellor PJ, Fetz K, Maggi RG, Haugland S, Dunning M, Villiers EJ, Mellanby RJ, Williams D, Breitschwerdt E, Herrtage ME (2006) Alpha1-proteinase inhibitor deficiency and Bartonella infection in association with panniculitis, polyarthritis, and meningitis in a dog. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20: 1023-8

Williams DL (2005) Major histocompatibility class II expression in the normal canine cornea and in canine chronic superficial keratitis. Veterinary Ophthalmology  8: 395-400

Williams DL (2005) Analysis of tear uptake by the Schirmer tear test strip in the canine eye. Veterinary Ophthalmology  8: 325-30

Williams DL, Robinson JC, Lay EL, Field H (2005) Efficacy of topical aciclovir for the treatment of feline herpetic keratitis: results of a prospective clinical trial and data from in vitro investigations. Veterinary Record 157: 254-7

Williams DL, Fitzmaurice T, Lay L, Forster K, Hefford J, Budge C, Blackmore K, Robinson JC, Field HF (2004) Efficacy of antiviral agents in feline herpetic keratitis: results of an in vitro study. Current Eye Research 29: 215-8

Williams DL (2004) Entropion correction by fornix-based suture placement: use of the Quickert-Rathbun technique in ten dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology 7: 343-7

Williams DL,  Simpson VR, Flindall A (2004) Retinal dysplasia in wild otters (Lutra lutra). Veterinary Record 155: 52-6

Williams DL (2004) Lens morphometry determined by B-mode ultrasonography of the normal and cataractous canine lens. Veterinary Ophthalmolology 7: 91-5

Williams DL, Heath MF, Wallis C (2004) Prevalence of canine cataract: preliminary results of a cross-sectional study Veterinary Ophthalmology 7:  29-35

Williams DL, Brancker WM (2004) Intraocular oxygen tensions in normal and diseased eyes of farmed halibut. Veterinary Journal  167: 81-6

Williams DL, Flach E (2003)  Symblepharon with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Veterinary Ophthalmology 6: 11-3

Williams DL (2002) Use of punctal occlusion in the treatment of canine keratconjunctivitis sicca. Journal of Small Animal Practice 43: 478-481

Williams DL (2002) Ocular disease in rats: a review. Veterinary Ophthalmology  5: 183-91

Williams DL, Newman JL (2001) Antibiotic resistance in avian bacteriological isolates. Veterinary Record 148: 748-750

Williams DL, S Macgregor, AW Sainsbury (2000) Evaluation of organisms responsible for infectious ocular disease in a group of captive non-domestic animals. Veterinary Record 146: 515-518

Williams DL (1999) Histological and immunocytochemical analysis of canine chronic superficial keratitis. Research in Veterinary Science 67:191-195

Williams DL, Pantel U, Brancker WM (1998) Levels of choroidal body carbonic anhydrase activity and glycogen in farmed halibut. The Veterinary Journal 156: 223-229

Williams DL, Long R Barnett KC (1998) Lacrimal pseudotumour in a young bull terrier. Journal of Small Animal Practice 39: 30-32

Rament L, Williams DL (1995) Glaucoma in a captive-bred great horned owl (Bubo virginianus virginanus). Veterinary Record 140: 481-483

Williams DL, AJ Hoey and PJ Smitherman: (1995) The use of topical cyclosporine and dexamethasone in the treatment of canine chronic superficial keratitis: a comparison of therapeutic effects. Veterinary Record 137: 635-639

Williams DL, Wall AE, Branson E, Hopcroft T, Poole A, Brancker WM (1995) Preliminary findings of ophthalmological abnormalities in farmed halibut. Veterinary Record 136:610-2.

Williams DL, Cooper JE (1994) Horner’s syndrome in an African spotted eagle owl (Bubo africanus). Veterinary Record  134:64-6

Williams DL, Barnett KC (1993) Bilateral optic disc colobomas and microphthalmos in a thoroughbred horse. Veterinary Record  132:101-3.

Williams DL (1993) A comparative approach to anterior segment dysgenesis. Eye 7: 607-16

 Books and book chapters

Williams DL (2010) Ocular rehabilitation and supportive care. In: Lindley S, Watson P (eds) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Rehabilitation, Supportive and Palliative Care: Case Studies in Patient Management

Williams DL (2009) Animal Rights, Human Responsibilities. Grove Book Publications, Cambridge

Williams DL (2007) In: Gelatt KN (ed) Veterinary Ophthalmology 4th edition. Blackwell Science Pp 1336-1369

Williams DL (2003) Rabbit ophthalmology. In Manual of Ophthalmology, 2nd edition British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Williams DL, K Barrie, TF Evans (2002) Veterinary Ocular Emergencies, Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford.

Williams DL (2002) Amphibians. In Manual of Exotic Pets, 4th Edition British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham

Williams DL (2002) Invertebrates. In Manual of Exotic Pets, 4th Edition British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Williams DL(2000) Ophthalomology. In Manual of Rabbit Medicine and Surgery, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham, 2000

Williams DL (1999) Laboratory Animal Ophthalmology. In: Gelatt KN (ed) Veterinary Ophthalmology 3rd edition Williams & Wilkins, New York, Pp 1209-1236

Williams DL: Animal Models for Ophthalmic Diseases in Humans. In: Gelatt KN (ed) Veterinary Ophthalmology 3rd edition Williams & Wilkins, New York, Pp 1237-1272, 1999

Williams DL (1998) Ask the Vet: Exotic Pets, Lifelearn, Newmarket

DL Wiliams (1997) Ocular pharmacology and therapeutics: Current Equine Therapy IV 339-344

Williams DL (1995) Reptile Ophthalmology. In: Reptile Medicine and Surgery. (ed. D Mader), WB Saunders, Pp175-185.

Frey FL and Williams DL (1995) Colour Review of Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery, Manson Publications.

Williams DL (1995) Amphibian Dermatology. In: Kirk’s  Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. (ed. EM Miller) WB Saunders, Pp 1375-1379.

Cooper JE and Williams DL (1995) Veterinary perspectives and techniques in reptile husbandry and research. In: Health and Welfare in Captive Reptiles. Eds C Warwick, FL Frye and JB Murphy, Chapman and Hall, Pp. 98-112.

Williams DL (1994) Ophthalmology. In: Avian Medicine: Principles and Application (eds W B Ritchie, G J Harrison and L R Harrison), Wingers Publishing Inc, Lake Worth, Florida. Pp 673-694.

Williams DL and Crispin SM (1992) Sclera, episclera and limbus. In Manual of Ophthalmology, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Carrington SD, Crispin SM  and Williams DL (1992) Characteristic conditions of the feline cornea. Veterinary Annual 32: 83-94.

Williams DL (1992) Cardiovascular disease. In Manual of Reptiles, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Williams DL (1991) Oncology of exotic animals. In Manual of Small Animal Oncology, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Williams DL (1991) Amphibians. In Manual of Exotic Pets, British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Cheltenham.

Williams DL: Animal rights. In New Dictionary of Theology, IVP, Leicester 1988.

Cooper JE, Pearce-Kelly P and Williams DL (1987) (eds) Proceedings, Arachnida ’87, Symposium, Zoological Society of London, November 1987

Williams DL (1987) Studies in arachnid disease. In Proceedings, Arachnida ’87, Symposium, Zoological Society of London, November.

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Comparison of the effects of topical and systemic atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal canine eye

Posted on May 29, 2014 by richardfrank

Comparison of the effects of topical and systemic atropine sulfate on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in the normal canine eye.pdf


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A Crosslinked HA-Based Hydrogel Ameliorates Dry Eye Symptoms in Dogs

Posted on May 29, 2014 by richardfrank

A cross-linked HA-based hydrogel ameliorates dry eye symptoms in dogs.pdf


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Is this worth worrying about?

Posted on June 22, 2013 by davidwilliams

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At a routine examination this circular mass is noted in a pony’s eye. The owner trawls the internet and is worried about it being an iris melanoma. Can you assuage her fears?

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This circular lesion with a totally different appearance to the surrounding tissue, is almost certainly an iris cyst. In the horse these are generally attached to the iris while in the dog they are free floating. In each case they are not a solid mass but a fluid-filled thin-walled cyst, as shown in this ultrasound scan, taken from a different case but illustrating the same appearance.

Some would advocate lasering the cyst, but unless it is causing a problem I would leave well alone!

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Are these dots dangerous?

Posted on May 22, 2013 by davidwilliams

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This pony is being purchased for a six year old girl to start riding, but the owner wants to know if this eye is anything to worry about.

Specifically is the corneal haze going to alter vision substantially and should we be concerned about the black dots in the eye? There is no history on how they came about but the eye is comfortable at present.

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These are tricky cases aren’t they? The pony seems to have no problems with vision when she is examined at present but that corneal opacity is bound to have some effect on vision and particularly may cause the animal to ‘spook’ when a light is shone on the eye.

Are the black dots on the front of the lens capsule results of a previous inflammation? The pupil margin is smooth and clean and the iris colouration is no darker than that of the other eye as shown below.

If there had been a previous uveitis, one would expect a darker iris and more changes to the pupil edge, in my opinion – but can I be absolutely sure? Perhaps those ‘iris rests’, as we might call them, are a congenital abnormality. Tell me what you think!

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A cloudy view?

Posted on April 20, 2013 by davidwilliams

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What is happening in the cornea of this Cavalier King Charles Spaniel?

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This dog has a crystalline stromal lipid dystrophy – an inherited defect in how the keratocytes – the corneal cells – deal with lipid, leading to a deposition of lipid crystals in the centre of the cornea. It looks identical to Schnyder’s dystrophy in people as shown below, but whether the same gene mutation is present is currently unknown.

In people this makes reading and driving at night difficult, but in the dog the lesion doesn’t interfere with vision (as they rarely read or drive at night!) and the lipid deposit is unlikely to develop markedly.

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Wide eyed!

Posted on September 19, 2012 by davidwilliams

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This little 13 year old cat comes to you with widely dilated unresponsive pupils, apparently totally blind. His owner has come back from holiday having left his neighbour to feed the cat, to find her like this.

You look in her left eye to see this. What has happened?

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OK – so maybe this isn’t that difficult a call. there is retinal haemorrhage suggestive of a hypertensive retinopathy and lo and behold the cat’s blood pressure is 220/180mmHg – it has polydispia and polyuria and small rather knobbly kidneys so probably hypertension secondary to renal failure.  Here is the other retina with some tapetal hyper-reflectivity suggestive of a retinal degeneration which might have occurred through a previous detachment, now resolved. The faint radial lines may also support this view of the pathogenesis of the disease.

But hold on a second – do these changes really explain the total blindness? It is probably the case that there is flat retinal detachment here with oedema between the retina and the choriocapillaris which provides oxygen and nutrients to the photoreceptors. In all probability the retina is inactive in the first eye through hypoxia and degenerate in the second as the photoreceptors die by apoptosis when starved of oxygen longterm. Amlodipine should reduce the blood pressure and may resolve the blindness, but the long-term changes in the retina may make this less likely. The cat will cope quite well to being blind in all likelihood.
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A flawed cornea?

Posted on July 14, 2012 by davidwilliams

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This beautiful young spaniel comes to you with irritated eyes. Can you see what might be the problem?

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Its a bit tricky to see without magnification, so here it is closer up..

This is a dermoid, an aberrant area of skin, often haired as here, on what should be transparent cornea. There’s one in the other eye too…


Both can be removed relatively simply with a superficial keratectomy and should pose no further problems. These are unlikely to be inherited in a simple mendelian fashion although breeds such as the German Shepherd dog are predisposed, though I must say I haven’t seen a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel with one before!

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Would you pass this horse?

Posted on July 2, 2012 by davidwilliams

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If you were asked to perform a prepurchase examination on a horse with an eye like this one would you pass it and if not why not?

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Although it looks like nothing to be worried about, the little vertical black line in the pupil is an iris rest – an adhesion from one of the corpora iridica (the black blobs on the dorsal border of the pupil) onto the anterior lens capsule, showng that in the past there has been some inflammation in the eye.

In fact that was a bit of a trick question, as the other eye looked like this, with more adhesions on the ventral border of the pupil, another central iris rest and some lens opacification secondary to the inflammation. The horse has had at least one bout of equine recurrent uveitis and may go on to have another.

At present the horse has good vision, and the current owner is brilliant at noting when anything is slightly amiss, and gets the eye treated as soon as possible, hence the relatively mild signs seen at present.

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Circles in the eye

Posted on June 19, 2012 by davidwilliams

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When I have new elective students we always look at the animals that are in our hospital for non-ophthalmic problems, to see what is normal in the eye. But this lovely French Bulldog we saw yesterday clearly isn’t normal! What are these circles doing in the eye and what is the blob in the middle, if you’ll excuse me getting a bit technical!?

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This dog, in with us for pituitary problems, has had successful cataract surgery elsewhere and what you are looking at are the circles within the intraocular lens (IOL) that has been implanted to correct the hypermetropia (long sightedness) resulting from removing the lens. The ‘blob’ in the middle is new cataract forming on the lens capsule, what is known as posterior capsular opacification (PCO).

This degree of lens change probably doesn’t make a huge difference to the dog – a fair few labradors have this amount of cataract as an inherited defect for life without anyone noticing the difference! But if it gets worse it can cause blindness and in human cataract surgery it is huge problem as it stops people reading the small print and driving. Thankfully neither of those were high on this dog’s wish list!

Kim Young Sam comments that IOLs are meant to reduce PCO. That can happen by preventing migration of epithelial cells to the lend capsule in the optic axis, though in this case PCO hasn’t been prevented.

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Is this bad news?

Posted on June 2, 2012 by davidwilliams

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This twelve year old cat comes to you from a rescue shelter with a black deposit in one eye. Is this bad news?

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If you read the literature a dark velvety deposit at the edge of the iris like this in a cat spells trouble! One paper from 1998  (Kalishman JB, Chappell R, Flood LA, Dubielzig RR. A matched observational study of survival in cats with enucleation due to diffuse iris melanoma. Veterinary Ophthalmology 1:25-29) compared the survival of cats with iris melanomas in this position with those in the body of the iris and found that once the neoplasm reached the edge of the iris metastasis was common if not inevitable. But I’m not so sure. This melanoma is very dark suggesting that the cells in it are well differentiated melanocytes and thus the neoplasm may be less aggressive than might be thought. I’ve had several cats that have survived well in this state. Should we enucleate? If Kalishman’s paper is right it will already have metastasised and if I am right it never will. Only time will tell who is right!

The other problem is that naevi may develop into melanomas – Kim Young Sam has posted a question about this so here’s a quick reply! We think that naevi may develop into melanomas through Knudson’s two hit hypothesis. Knudson worked on retinoblastoma where some children developed the tumour very rapidly and had it in both eyes while in others it was seen later only in one. He saw that the early onset cases had a germ line gene mutation so that only one mutation in the second chromosome was needde to produce a neoplasm while the allele on both chromosomes needde to be mutated in the later onset cases. Whether this is the case with naevi and melanomas in these cats is unclear but maybe naevi have one allele mutated while frank tumours have both defective. Just a thought! Here’s a link to a good – though to my mind rather complicated – review paper on the mechanisms of development in skin naevi. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3130972/pdf/DRP2011-463184.pdf

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